Generally, to provide collateral for an unsecured debt; to secure a loan (hence: the physical or financial asset to which a creditor has a claim). – The underlying asset to which an option or future relates (reference value: the security or commodity that is delivered when the option contract is exercised, also called an underlier). – The regulatory – coverage of banking and insurance risks of any kind by equity capital, as already prescribed and monitored in detail under Basel III and by guidelines, – high ratio of equity capital in credit-financed exposures. In this way, risky transactions that lead to a run-up in asset markets and give rise to speculative bubbles can be contained. – Marketable asset at the ECB that meets certain eligibility characteristics set by the ECB that are uniform across the euro area. – See default rate, expected, off-balance sheet, cash margin, cleaning up after, real estate bubble, internal ratings-based approach, Jackson Hole consensus, credit line, leaning against the wind, margin coverage, central bank eligibility, option, risk profile, risk buffer, setback effect, variation margin, collateral, margin of safety, tertiarization, forward speculator, underlying, underpledge, XXX-Insurance-Linked Securities.Tier 1. – Cf. ECB Annual Report 2003, p. 86 ff, BaFin Annual Report 2004, p. 100 f., ECB Monthly Report of October 2007, p. 93 ff. (comparison of collateral regulations at the ECB with the U.S. and Japan; many overviews).

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University Professor Dr. Gerhard Merk, Dipl.rer.pol., Dipl.rer.oec.
Professor Dr. Eckehard Krah, Dipl.rer.pol.
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https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Ernst_Merk
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https://www.gerhardmerk.de/

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