Unemployment rate
The number of unemployed people as a proportion of the total labor force, where the latter includes both the unemployed and those with jobs. The ECB calculates the unemployment rate for the euro area on an ongoing basis and analyzes and evaluates it in the light of various (mainly monetary) factors. – See compensation of employees per capita, labor costs, labor cost indicators, labor demand, youth unemployment, minimum wage unemployment, low interest rate policy, zero interest rate, offshoring, Okun’s law, Phillips theorem, growth-employment relationship, economic crisis, two-pillar principle. – Cf. the current figures in the ECB’s Statistics Pocket Book as well as in the annex „Euro area statistics“ to the respective ECB Monthly Bulletin, heading „Prices, output, demand and labor markets,“ subheading „Labor markets“ (there also broken down by age and gender), ECB Monthly Bulletin of November 2002, pp. 51 ff, ECB Monthly Report of April 2005, p. 74 (comparability of statistics), Deutsche Bundesbank Monthly Report of August 2005, p. 27 (long-term comparisons of the U.S.-euro area), ECB Monthly Report of January 2006, p. 50 f. (here also survey-related peculiarities), ECB Monthly Report of April 2006, p. 55 ff. (comparison of unemployment rates in the U.S.A. and the euro area since 1995), ECB Monthly Report of October 2006, p. 55 (projection to 2050), ECB Monthly Report of January 2007, p. 67 ff; here also p. 69: immigration and labor supply in comparison between EU and U.S. since 1960), Deutsche Bundesbank Annual Report 2006, p. 47 (overviews 2001-2006), ECB Monthly Report of November 2007, p. 56 ff (special features of unemployment statistics; important information on survey techniques), Deutsche Bundesbank Monthly Report of November 2007, p. 53 (conversion of statistics), Monthly Report of the Deutsche Bundesbank of May 2008, pp. 56 ff. (change in unemployment in Germany 2006-2008 broken down and explained by various characteristics), Monthly Report of the ECB of September 2008, pp. 80 ff. (development of employment since 1987; breakdowns; many overviews), Monthly Report of the ECB of September 2009, pp. 80 ff. (unemployment rates in various sectors during the financial crisis), ECB Monthly Report of October 2009, p. 57 ff. (relationship between output and unemployment; overviews; references), Annual Report 2009 of the Deutsche Bundesbank, p. 53 (unemployment rate 20002010 in Germany), ECB Annual Report 2009, p. 73 ff. (Employment trends in recent years according to various criteria; overviews), ECB Monthly Bulletin of July 2010, pp. 42 ff. (Comparison of the unemployment rate in the euro area and the U.S. since 2005; overviews), Deutsche Bundesbank Monthly Bulletin of October 2010, pp. 70 f. (Labor volume and wage costs since 1970; overviews), ECB Monthly Bulletin of December 2010, pp. 79 ff. (unemployment in the euro area broken down by various aspects), Deutsche Bundesbank Annual Report 2010, p. 59 (seasonally adjusted values 2000-2010), ECB Annual Report 2010, p. 74 ff. (comparisons euro areaU.S. from 1995 to 2011; breakdown statistics, overviews), ECB Monthly Report of December 2011, p. 16 ff. (country comparisons; overviews; references), ECB Annual Report 2011, p. 64 ff. (employment slump as a result of the financial crisis in the euro area and the U.S.; many overviews), Deutsche Bundesbank Monthly Report of May 2012, p. 19 ff. (unemployment rate in the U.S.; effects of demographic change; overviews), ECB Monthly Report of June 2012, p. 12 ff. (unemployment rate in the U.S. and euro area since 2000 in comparison), ECB Monthly Report of February 2013, p. 75 ff. (Unemployment in the euro area broken down by age group and member country), ECB Monthly Bulletin of April 2013, pp. 55 ff. (Issues relating to the distinction between cyclical and structural factors; overviews; problems of statistical recording), ECB Monthly Bulletin of April 2014, pp. 13 ff. (Unemployment rate in the U.S.A.; recording problems; informative value of published figures; overviews).
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